Swarm-vs-swarm engagements have no rules of engagement because no military has fought one yet

The next evolution of drone warfare is autonomous swarm-vs-swarm combat, where offensive drone swarms engage defensive drone swarms without human operators directing individual units. No military has conducted a swarm-vs-swarm engagement, so there is zero empirical doctrine for how to command, deconflict, or disengage such forces. The legal question of accountability when an autonomous swarm kills civilians during swarm-on-swarm combat has no answer. This persists because swarm-vs-swarm is a phase transition in warfare that has no historical analog -- every existing doctrine framework assumes human combatants making decisions, and retrofitting human oversight onto swarm-speed autonomous combat (decisions in milliseconds) is physically impossible.